The Alma Ata Declaration Health And Social Care Essay

The Alma Ata Declaration was officially adopted at the International Conference on Primary Health Care in Alma Ata ( in present Kazakhstan ) in September 1978 ( WHO, 1978 ) . It identifies and stresses the demand for an immediate action by all authoritiess, all wellness and development workers and the universe community to advance and protect universe wellness through Primary Health Care ( PHC ) ( ibid ) . This has been identified by the Declaration as the cardinal towards accomplishing a degree of wellness that will let for a socially and productive life by the twelvemonth 2000. The rules of this declaration have been built on three ( 3 ) key facets which include: Equity – It acknowledges the fact that every person has the right to wellness and the realization of this requires action across the wellness sector every bit good as other societal and economic sectors. Participation – It besides identifies and recognises the demand for full engagement of communities in the planning, administration, execution, operation and control of primary wellness attention with the usage of local or national available resource. Partnership – It strongly supports the thought of Partnership and coaction between authorities, World Health Organisation ( WHO ) and UNICEF, other international administrations, many-sided and bilateral bureaus, non-governmental administrations, support bureaus, all wellness workers and the universe community towards back uping the committedness to primary wellness attention every bit good as increasing fiscal and proficient support particularly in developing states. Other of import rules identified by the Declaration include: wellness publicity and the appropriate usage of resources. The declaration calls on all authoritiess to explicate schemes, policies and actions to establish and prolong primary wellness attention and integrate it into the national wellness system. It was endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 1978 hence enshrining it into the policy of the WHO ( Horder, 1983 ) .BackgroundBack in the sixtiess and 1970s, many developing states of the universe gained independency from their colonial leaders. In attempts to supply good quality health care service for the population, these new authoritiess established learning infirmaries, medical and nursing schools most of which were located in urban countries ( Hall & A ; Taylor, 2003 ) therefore making a job of entree to ‘good quality ‘ wellness service particularly for people that reside in rural communities. Successful programmes were initiated by Tanzania, Sudan, Venezuela and China in the sixtiess and 1970s to supply primary attention wellness services that was basic every bit good as comprehensive ( Benyoussef & A ; Christian, 1977 ; Bennett, 1979 ) . It is on the footing of these programmes that the term ‘Primary Health Care ‘ was derived ( Hall & A ; Taylor, 2003 ) . In low income states, the primary wellness attention scheme as described by the Alma Ata was really influential in puting wellness policy during the 1980s nevertheless in high income states such as the United Kingdom, it was considered irrelevant on the given that the degree of primary attention service was already good developed ( Green et al. , 2007 ) . Primary wellness attention has been defined in the Declaration of Alma Ata as ; â€Å" indispensable wellness attention based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and engineering made universally accessible to persons and households in the community through their full engagement and at a cost that the community and state can afford to keep at every phase of their development in the spirit of self trust and self-government. It forms an built-in portion both of the state ‘s wellness system, of which it is the cardinal map and chief focal point, and of the overall societal and economic development of the community. It is the first degree of contact of persons, the household and community with the national wellness system conveying wellness attention every bit near as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first component of a go oning wellness attention procedure. † ( WHO, 1978 ) The Alma Ata Declaration brought about a displacement on accent towards preventative wellness, preparation of multipurpose paramedical workers and community based workers ( Muldoon et al. , 2006 ) . In order to accomplish the planetary mark of wellness for all by the twelvemonth 2000, ends were being set by the WHO ( WHO, 1981 ) some of which include: At least 5 % of gross national merchandise is spent on wellness. A sensible per centum of the national wellness outgo is devoted to local wellness attention. Equitably distribution of resources At least 90 % of new-borne babies have a birth weight of at least 2500g. The infant mortality rate for all identifiable subgroups is below 50 per 1000 live-births. Life anticipation at birth is over 60 old ages. Adult literacy rate for both work forces and adult females exceeds 70 % . Trained forces for go toing gestation and kid birth and lovingness for kids for at least 1 twelvemonth of age. It has been over 30 old ages now that the Declaration of Alma Ata was adopted by the WHO. A expression at the current wellness tendency around the universe particularly in developing states such Nigeria, Ghana, Niger, Zimbabwe and so many others will uncover that the end of accomplishing wellness for all by the twelvemonth 2000 through primary wellness attention has non been a world. Although there have been sensible betterment in immunization, sanitation and entree to safe H2O, there is still hindrances in supplying just entree to indispensable attention worldwide ( WHO, 2010 )What went incorrect?Lawn et Al. ( 2008 ) explain that the Cold War significantly impeded the coveted impact outlook of the Alma Ata Declaration in the sense that planetary developmental policy at that clip was dominated by neo-liberal macro economical and societal policies. The consequence of this on poorer states of the universe peculiarly in Africa was execution of structural accommodation programmes in atte mpt to cut down budget shortage through devaluations in local currency and cuts in public disbursement. This resulted in the remotion of subsidies, cost recovery in the wellness sector and cut dorsums in the figure of medical wellness practicians that could be hired. The debut of user charges and encouragement of denationalization of services during this period had an indecent consequence on hapless people who could non afford to pay for such services. The combination of these factors therefore resulted in portion to the crippling of the quality of service that can be provided at the primary attention degree. Peoples who could afford such service resorted to wellness service offered at secondary or third attention which in most instances is hard to entree. The debut of a new construct of ‘Selective ‘ Primary Health Care as proposed within a twelvemonth of the acceptance of the Alma Ata Declaration by Walsh & A ; Warren ( 1979 ) changed the dimension of primary wellness attention. This ‘interim ‘ attack was proposed due to the trouble experienced in originating comprehensive primary wellness attention services in states with autocratic leading ( Waterston, 2008 ) . Walsh & A ; Warren ( 1979 ) argued that until comprehensive primary wellness attention can be made available to all, services that are targeted to the most of import diseases may be the most effectual intercession for bettering wellness of a population. The steps suggested include ; immunization, unwritten rehydration, chest eating and the usage of anti malarias. This selective attack was considered as being more executable, mensurable, rapid and less hazardous, taking away determination devising and command off from the community and puting it upon ad visers with proficient expertness hence doing it more attractive peculiarly to funding bureaus ( Lawn et al. , 2008 ) . An illustration of a selective primary attention attack is the Expanded Programme on Immunisation ( EPI ) . Selective primary wellness attention is concerned with supplying solutions to peculiar diseases such as HIV/AIDS and TB while comprehensive primary attention as proposed the Alma Ata begins with supplying a strong community substructure and engagement towards undertaking wellness issues ( Baum, 2007 ) . The displacement in maternal, new-borne and child wellness as a consequence of programmes that removes control from the community hinders the realization of the ends of primary wellness attention as emphasized by the Alma Ata Declaration. The reversal of policy in the 1990s by the WHO and other UN bureaus to deter traditional birth attenders and advancing installation based birth with skilled forces ( Koblinsky et al. , 2006 ) is an illustration of such. The World Bank ‘s study ‘Investing in Health ‘ which was published in 1993 saw the World Bank go a great influence and major key participant in international public wellness as such robbing the WHO of the esteemed place ( Baum, 2007 ) . It considers investings for intercessions that merely hold the best impact on population wellness as such taking local control and recommending a ‘vertical ‘ attack to wellness. This move counteracts the procedure of the societal alteration described by the Alma Ata Declaration which is necessary for realization of its ends. These go to demo that consistence both in leading ( locally and globally ) , policy every bit good as good grounds ( to drive policy devising and actions ) , are of import ingredients for planetary enterprises to win.What went right?Even with the several elements that prevailed against the accomplishment of the corporate ends of the Alma Ata Declaration, several instance surveies show that when provided with a favorable environment, primary wellness attention as prescribed by the Alma Ata is sufficient to convey about a important betterment in the wellness position of any population or state. Case study 1: Primary Health Care in Gambia Using informations obtained from a longitudinal survey conducted by the United Kingdom Medical Research Council over a 15 twelvemonth period for a population of about 17,000 people in 40 small towns in Gambia, Hill et Al. ( 2000 ) compared baby and kid mortality between small town with and without primary wellness attention. The excess services that were provided in the small towns with primary wellness attention include: a small town wellness worker, a paid community nurse for every 5 small towns and a trained traditional birth attender. Maternal and kid wellness services with inoculation programme were accessible to occupants of both primary wellness attention and non primary wellness attention small towns. There was marked betterment in baby and under 5 mortality in both sets of small towns. After primary wellness attention system was established in 1983, infant mortality dropped from 134/1000 in 1982 – 83 to 69/1000 in 1992 – 94 in the primary wellness attention small towns and from 155/1000 to 91/1000 in non primary wellness attention villages over the same period of clip. Between 1982 and 83 and 1992-94, the decease rates for kids aged 1-4 fell from 42/1000 to 28/1000 in the primary wellness attention small towns and from 45/1000 to 38/1000 in the non primary wellness attention small towns. However, in 1994 when supervising of primary wellness attention was weakened, infant mortality rate in primary wellness attention small towns rose to 89/1000 for primary wellness attention small town in 1994 – 96. The rate in non primary wellness attention small town fell to 78/1000 for this period. The execution and supervising of primary wellness attention is associated with a important consequence on infant mortality rates for these groups of small towns that benefitted from the programme. Case study 2: Under 5 mortality and income of 30 states To measure the advancement for primary wellness attention in states since Alma Ata, Rohde et Al. ( 2008 ) analysed life anticipation relative to national income and HIV prevalence in order to place over accomplishing or under accomplishing states. The survey focused on 30 low income and in-between income states with the highest twelvemonth decrease of mortality among kids less than 5 old ages of age and it described coverage and equity of primary wellness attention every bit good as other non wellness sector actions. The 30 states in inquiry have scaled up selective primary attention ( immunization, household planning ) and 14 of these states have progressed to comprehensive primary attention which has been marked with high coverage of skilled birth attenders. Equity with skilled birth attending coverage across income groups was accessed every bit good as entree to clean H2O and gender inequality in literacy. These 30 states were grouped into states with selective primary attention ; mixture of selective and comprehensive primary wellness attention ; and comprehensive primary wellness attention entirely. The major participants among states with comprehensive primary wellness attention are Thailand, Brazil, Cuba, China and Vietnam. Overall, Thailand tops the list and it has comprehensive primary wellness attention. Maternal, new-borne and child wellness in Thailand were prioritised even before Alma Ata and has been able to increase coverage for immunization and household planning intercessions. The Government investing in territory wellness systems provided a foundation for comprehensive primary wellness attention in maternal, new-borne and child wellness every bit good as other indispensable services. Community wellness voluntaries besides played a important function towards Thailand ‘s medical promotion. They promoted the usage of H2O sealed latrines to better sanitation and were r eally instrumental towards the diminution of protein Calorie malnutrition in pre-school kids in the past 20 old ages ( WHO, 2010 ) . Engagement of the community wellness voluntaries is a major beginning of community engagement into wellness attention of Thailand ( ibid ) . The undermentioned factors were identified as of import lessons from high accomplishing states: accountable leading and consistent national policy advancement with clip ; constructing coverage of attention and comprehensive wellness systems with clip ; community and household authorization ; territory degree focal point which is supported by informations to put precedences for support, path consequences every bit good as identify and damages disparities ; and prioritizing equity, taking fiscal barriers for hapless households and protection against ineluctable wellness cost. Case study 3: Integration of cognitive behaviors based therapy into everyday primary wellness attention work in rural Pakistan Rahman et Al. ( 2008 ) in a cluster-randomised control survey in Pakistan shows the benefits derived when cognitive behavior therapy in postpartum depression is integrated with community based primary wellness attention. Training was provided to the primary wellness attention workers in the intercession group to present psychological intercession. The wellness attention workers besides receive monthly supervising and monitoring. Significant benefit ( lower depression and disablement tonss, overall operation and perceptual experience of societal support ) was reported in the intercession group to propose that this sort of steps as supported by the Alma Ata can drive the inaugural towards ‘Health for all ‘ . It is apparent and clear that states that practiced comprehensive primary wellness attention as enshrined by the Alma Ata reaped great benefits in footings of population wellness betterment. Although it has been argued that comprehensive primary wellness attention is excessively idealistic, expensive and unachievable ( Hall & A ; Taylor, 2003 ) , grounds suggest that it is more likely to present better wellness results with greater public satisfaction ( Macinko et al. , 2003 ) . This sort of attention can cover with up to 90 % of wellness demands in low income states ( World Bank, 1994 ) .Relevance of Alma Ata in this present clipOur present universe that has been characterised by pronounced epidemiological passage in wellness. Low income states every bit good as high income 1s are faced with increasing prevalence of non communicable every bit good as chronic disenabling disease ( Gillam, 2008 ) hence, the being of infective diseases ( malaria, HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis etc ) , and dise ases like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. For low income states such as sub-Sahara African Countries, this constitutes a major wellness job because their wellness systems are chiefly oriented towards supplying services inclined with maternal and child wellness, ague or episodic unwellnesss. As such current wellness systems need to hold the capacity to supply effectual direction for the current disease tendency. The Alma Ata provides a foundation for how such effectual wellness service can be provided. Because, primary wellness attention is the first line of contact an person has to wellness attention, it is therefore really influential in finding community wellness particularly when the community is to the full empowered to take part. As societies modernise, as it is the instance in our current universe, the degree of engagement additions and people want to hold a say in what affects their lives ( Garland & A ; Oliver, 2004 ) . Therefore, the degree engagement in wellness atten tion is better off and more powerful in this present clip than it was when it was the Alma Ata was adopted. Evidence suggest that the values as enshrined by the Alma Ata are going the mainstream of modernizing societies and it is a contemplation of the manner people look at wellness and what they expect from their wellness attention system ( WHO, 2008 ) . Alma Ata failed in some states because the Government of such states refused to set schemes towards prolonging a strong and vivacious primary wellness attention system that is appropriate to the wellness demands of the community such that entree is improved, engagement and partnership is encouraged and wellness is improved in general. There is no end standard guideline or manual on Alma Ata but single authoritiess have to develop their ain schemes which should be good suited towards run intoing their ain demands. The Alma Ata initiation rules is still relevant towards accomplishing these ends particularly as it brings wellness attention to peoples door measure as it encourages preparation of people to expeditiously and efficaciously present wellness services. Evidence has shown that there is a greater scope of cost effectual intercessions than was available 30 old ages ago ( Jamison et al. , 2006 ) . It is for these grounds that primary wellness attention is indispensable towards acc omplishing the millenary development ends particularly as it concerns child endurance, maternal wellness, and HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB and other diseases. The Alma Ata emphasises the importance of coaction as an of import tool towards presenting, developing and keeping primary wellness attention. This partnership as supported by the Alma Ata is indispensable to increase proficient and fiscal support to primary wellness attention particularly in low income states. It is a current tendency to happen an increasing mixture of private and public wellness systems every bit good as increasing private-public partnerships. Governments, giver and private administrations are now working together to advance and protect wellness unlike after Alma Ata ( OECD, 2005 ) . There is besides increased support and this is switching from selective planetary financess to beef uping wellness systems through sector broad attacks ( Salama et al. , 2008 ) . This sort of coactions is a measure in the right way and when it is strengthened harmonizing to the rules of the Alma Ata, it will non merely better the perkiness of the wellness attention system but besides b etter engagement and equity in the sense that wellness attention is more qualitative and accessible to the people. The old ages that followed after acceptance of the Alma Ata by WHO member provinces was characterised by unstable political leading and military absolutism particularly among low income states which lead to pretermit of the wellness sector. This created unfriendly environments for the development and care of stable primary wellness attention systems. In this current times nevertheless, most states have embraced the democratic system of leading that promotes equity, engagement and partnership. Health equity is continually basking prominence in the duologue of political leaders and ministries of wellness ( Dahlgren & A ; Whitehead, 2006 ) . Therefore, the environment being created is friendlier to the Alma Ata hence doing it more relevant in this clip. Thirty old ages ago, the values of equity, people centeredness, community engagement and self finding embraced by the Alma Ata was considered as being extremist but today these values have become widely portion outlooks for wellness ( WH O, 2008 ) . Our current clip has been marked by gross technological promotion which was non available in the 1970s. There is besides an increased wealth of cognition and literature on wellness and on the turning wellness inequalities between and within states all of which was non available 30 old ages ago. All these set together provides a relevant foundation to back up the Alma Ata in the present clip doing it more relevant in presenting effectual wellness attention service.DecisionThe prevalent political and economic state of affairs around the universe make the Alma Ata more relevant than it was in 1978. However, there is still necessitate for more to be done. There is demand for the revival of primary wellness attention harmonizing to the dogmas of the Alma Ata and advancement made should be systematically monitored. There is besides the demand for an increased committedness to the virtuousnesss of ‘health for all ‘ every bit good as increased committedness of resources towards p rimary wellness attention which should be driven by good grounds base. It is of import that accent be changed from individual intercessions that produce short term or immediate consequences to intercessions that will make an incorporate, long term and a sustainable wellness attention system. Even with the challenges being faced so far with full execution of the Alma Ata, the ideals are relevant still relevant now more than of all time.

An African American Fight for Respect Essay

For thousands of years women have been fighting for many things, one of the most important being respect. Some people may think respect for a woman is simply holding the door for her as she walks through, pulling her chair out for her before she is seated, or maybe just standing when she leaves the table; but respect is so much more than that. Respect is a feeling of deep admiration for someone elicited by their abilities, qualities, or achievements. Respect is a feeling that cannot just be given to someone, it is a feeling that must be earned, fought for, or rewarded. For the African American woman, respect did not come by so easily no matter how hard they fought or even if they earned it. Examples of the African American woman fighting for her respect, has once upon a time been one of the many themes during all literary periods. The two works that I chose have the similar theme of respect. The literary pieces are â€Å"Sweat† by Zora Neale Hurston and â€Å"The Color Purple† by Alice Walker. These two works show the same theme of respect for black women and the struggle for it from men. Though both stories have comparisons that could go on for days, they just as well have their differences by the way the handle the theme of respect. Alice Walker has been writing stories and poetry for many years. As a graduate of Spelman College she was given great opportunities and was given a solid education. Women’s rights and respect has always been two topics close to Alice’s heart. It has been said, that â€Å"Alice Walker expresses the struggles of black people, particularly women, and their lives in a racist, sexist, and violent society. † Her writings also lean more towards the roles of black women through culture and history. On March 3, 2008 Alice Walker was arrested on International Women’s Day for crossing the police line at a rally in front of The White House. Walker has set a standard and has never had any need or want to change it. Of the many stories that Alice Walker has written, the one that stands out the most to me dealing with the female struggle for respect is the story made movie and musical, â€Å"The Color Purple. † â€Å"The Color Purple,† is a story written in 1982 that has won multiple awards and recognitions for its not so classy taste and realistic views. Some of these awards being from the Blue Ribbon Awards, Black Movie Awards, Golden Globe Awards, eleven nominations during the Oscars, and plenty more. The main characters in â€Å"The Color Purple,† are Celie Harris Johnson and Mister Albert Johnson. Celie has been abused since she was just a young girl; she had two children by her father Leonard and she is forced to marry Albert, a young widower, by the age of fourteen. During her years of being married to Albert, she is taunted, disrespected, beaten, and abused up until she turns her life around when she meets Shug Avery, a well-known Jazz singer, who comes to live with the couple. Shug takes it upon herself to help Celie raise her self-confidence so she can not only stand up to her husband and demand respect, but to feel beautiful about herself inside and out. By the end of the story, Celie stands up to Avery and is finally reconnected with the family that was once taken away from her. Another great black female author who proudly carries the theme of respect in her stories is Zora Neale Hurston. Hurston, a graduate of Howard University, was a well-known author during the Harlem Renaissance. Hurston is most known for her famous literary piece entitled, â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† which caught the eyes of readers around the world. Like Alice Walker, Zora Neale Hurston has also won multiple awards for her fabulous novels, short stories, and poems. The story â€Å"Sweat† written by Zora Neale Hurston takes place in a small all black town located near Orlando, Florida. This story, like many others with disrespect towards the wife, starts off with husband Sykes taunting his wife Delia by tricking her into thinking that the whip he throws over her shoulders is a snake, knowing she is deadly terrified of them. Throughout the story, Delia deals with infidelity, abuse, rumors, and taunting from her husband. Towards the end of the story, her husband buys a rattlesnake and refuses to take it back where he found it from, knowing his wife is terrified. In the end, that very snake gets loose, bites, and kills him; Delia stands their watching him die. The website articlemyriad. com states â€Å"The reader can speculate on whether or not Delia was too afraid to move to get help for her husband, but it is the general consensus that she purposefully let him die. While you could argue both, if you are going to contend that she was just afraid, you’d better take a closer look at the text before trying to defend your point. † One of the greatest comparisons in this story is the lack of respect the husbands have for their wives, a marriage is supposed to be filled with trust, respect, love, and honesty, all of which the two marriages in â€Å"The Color Purple† and â€Å"Sweat† lacked. Although there are many comparisons, there were also contrasts in the two stories, although not exactly easy to find with a closed mind. A contrast in these two stories to me that stood out the most were the personalities of the two wives in the stories. In â€Å"The Color Purple,† Celie is abused and taken advantage of, but holds a quiet tongue until the end; Delia in â€Å"Sweat† is abused and taken advantage of , but she always speaks her mind and portrays her true feelings towards something. With these two stories I felt it was good to have the personalities of the women who wanted respect to be completely different so that I could compare and contrast just a bit more clearly. One was more hidden and kept feelings to herself, the other more outgoing and stronger like all women should be. In conclusion, respect for women, especially blacks, has been a subject that will always be discussed and fought for. Zora Neale Hurston and Alice Walker described the struggle for respect in many similar and different ways. I stated earlier that for thousands of years women have been fighting for many things, one of the most important being respect and that respect was a feeling that cannot just be given to someone, it is a feeling that must be earned, fought for, or rewarded. I am proud of the long way that not only African American women have come, but women all race and I am blessed to have such profound women to look up to. Women in the past who have fought for our rights set a high standard for the rest of us to follow and I look forward to doing just so. Works Cited 1. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature: Second Edition Henry Louis Gates Jr. & Nellie Y. McKay.

A Contemporary Take on The Blithedale Romance

Four individuals get together with thoughts on what an ideal society should be in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Blithedale Romance. † Blithedale was a modern Arcadia founded by Charles Fourier which was eventually destroyed by the behavior of individuals who are only interested for themselves. These said members are the very four individuals who are the main characters in the novel.These are Hollingsworth, a philanthropist and misogynist who wants to make Blithedale a colony for the reformation of criminals, Zenobia, an outspoken and opinionated feminist, Priscilla, a seamstress from the city and Miles Coverdale, the poet who is also the narrator in the story. Throughout spring and summer, Hollingsworth, Zenobia, Priscilla and Coverdale formed an intense friendship with one another. Just like the weather, this bond disintegrates the exact moment autumn comes. The book ends tragically. Coverdale is an unreliable narrator.It was as if his manner of speaking represents s pirituality to the masses who are already secular. This makes him appear someone who tries to popularize his beliefs. He is also a voyeur because he avoids interaction with those around him. He also doesn’t like to be seen. Since he is the narrator, it seems as if he has the power. Truth is, his personality influences how the story is told. The politics, personal liberation and communal utopia he has in his head still depends on how the three other characters take it. Zenobia is the representation of the eternal feminine, to the delight of modern-day feminists.The text describes her as â€Å"earthy, maternal, natural, sensual, domestic, brilliant, loving and demanding. † Nonetheless, Zenobia is complicated and she represents the varying feminist qualities just as she mirrors the â€Å"materiality of the world† and her â€Å"resistance to desire. † It seems as if Zenobia was already the image of the feminist politics. On the other hand, Hollingsworth is of ten perceived as the American sterotype. He intends to â€Å"convert the heathen. † This is his way to redeem the fallen. He has projects that are philanthropic by nature. It masks his â€Å"will to power.† Hollingsworth is the typical white and male of today. It also seems that throughout the text, he is so masculine. Each trait he has reflects traditional masculinity. Finally, there is Priscilla. She is the exact opposite of Zenobia. She is passive, innocent, vulnerable and can easily be manipulated. She suffers from the control of the men in her life. However, in the book as written by Hawthorne, it will seem that Priscilla overpowers Zenobia. In the society that they are in, Zenobia’s strong feminist views do not coincide with the traditional norms.†The Blithedale Romance† may be a classic but it is still relevant especially during political seasons. With the background check on the time Hawthorne wrote this, the Transcendentalists, Utopian Movem ent, Unitarians and Universalists still remain in the political ideologies of today. Just like modern Americans, the characters in the story are unsatisfied with what the United States is now. They believe that they are still living in the â€Å"sinfulness of man. † They intend to make heaven here on earth. In the book, they called their utopia â€Å"Happy Valley.† We see politicians striving for the same goal today. Each one of them have their own logos. In contemporary America, politicians always trying to fix things that do not need fixing. They believe they can ignore human nature.. It is interesting to point that the ideologies represented in the book didn’t work. It is pretty much a prediction because these movements – Socialism, Misogyny, Feminism – also do not work today. The part where Zenobia seems to be uncontrolled is an allusion to the power of the feminist movement. If you think about it, women want to be heard.They have strong convic tions and if the reader will use Zenobia as the symbol of the feminist movement, he can conclude that she bowed down to Hollingsworth, who represents the traditional male. It is unfortunate that despite women’s determination to be heard, the masculine driven society we live in today results to an â€Å"abrupt and dramatic suicide† of the feminist’s beliefs. 1 Hawthorne, during his time, was known to be a romance novelist. This work is different from his previous masterpieces simply because of its relative realism.He made sure that the novel deals with social events that occur in an everyday fashion. There is also romance in extraordinary events. The novel manages to analyze the characters through the historical and social forces. Take this for example. A main complication in the novel is the conflict between the individual and the community. There is a subjectivity on the self because the focus is on will and personal freedom. Early on, it has been said that the town did not succeed because of the self-interest of the four characters.That is why as much as the characters offer ethical benefit in order for the other person to do well, the individualism appears to be self detemination. The pursuit of one’s personal gain only complicates the matter even more. 2 Another conflict is Hollingsworth’s take on spirituality. It seems that it is so intangible that it needs public reckoning but most individuals in Blithedale wish to see this spiritual belief in evidence which the four characters cannot explain. Clearly, â€Å"The Blithedale Romance† is a romantic perception of something so real such as a society.As much as one wishes to strive for utopia, the human nature of selfishness, self-interest and self-again will always prevent this from happening. Another concern is the different mindsets of people, as seen among the four characters in â€Å"The Blithedale Romance. † This only comes to show that there will always b e misunderstanding among us. 1 Hoeltje, Hubert H. Inward Sky: The Heart and Mind of Nathaniel Hawthorne, page 313, Duke University Press, 1962 2 Craig White, â€Å"A Utopia of Spheres and Sympathies†, Utopian Studies, 1998.

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 106

Discussion - Assignment Example Furthermore, he used the information to interfere with firm’s financial information leading to financial problems. As presented, Mr. Disgraces interferes with the codes of conduct and interferes with his expert power. However, the situation is confusing since he uses his expertise to handle the situation though one may argue that he violated the codes of conduct. The factor that makes it difficult to determine whether the power has been used ethically is that he uses his expertise. Without the knowledge, one can’t handle the situation. Paul, an employer, forces his employees to work overtime without overtime payment. Out of the research, the work has been confirmed to take ten hours to complete. However, Paul forces his employees to work for the employees to complete the work within eight hours. The eight hours is less for the work, and the employees have to overwork for the two hours without payment for

Interview conduction and job description Research Paper

Interview conduction and job description - Research Paper Example Potential candidate must be matched against the requirements of the job. This step leads to the third step which is recording and summarizing the information of each candidate. Once the information for each candidate has been recorded, appointments of date and time for interview should be scheduled. After these steps are done, relevant potential candidates are notified about the interview time, date and place. Questions which are to be asked should be as short as possible. The questions should be framed in such a manner that they have a good mix up of both close-ended as well as open-ended questions. The questions should be specific, free from bias and ambiguity. It is necessary to draw a line between those questions which should be asked and those which should be discussed about. While conducting interviews, it is advisable for interviewer to give time to the respondent to answer the questions and be a good listener. Interviewees are also supposed to be calm and confident during interview. It is not at all necessary to panic or getting worried. (Cuomo, n.d.) Most of the interviewers waste a lot of time in filing out the applications or resumes. In some cases, it takes thirty to sixty minutes to do so. Therefore, it is necessary to shorten the applications. In order to cope up with this issue, interviewers need to allow technology for speeding up the process. Applicants can be asked to fill out their information on company’s site. (BridgeWater State University, n.d.) At the beginning of the interview, both interviewee and interviewer should have little conversation so as to relax the environment from any stress and nervousness. It is necessary to ease up the atmosphere so that there is no reluctance and hesitation between the two parties. Some casual conversation is essential to relax both, the interviewer and the interviewee. Applicants should be asked only relevant questions and unnecessary conversation must be

Risk Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk Plan - Essay Example Integrated marketing communication is an important part of every marketing activity before the event which helps organizers to achieve high response rate and popularity. The second risk is that the first deadline is due one week before the golf tournament, so there will be no time left for changes and improvements (the leaflets, ads, etc. are printed, and all arrangements are made). The third negative factor is that the same three persons are involved 100% in the final preparation, so neither of them will be able to make possible changes and help with new promotion opportunity. If Betty is involved in both activities, she could not objectively define the threats and drawbacks of the new advertising campaign. When morale is low, and feelings of frustration or alienation are found to exist, it is important that positive action is taken to remedy the causes. The sixth risk is that the staff can resist strongly changes in adverting campaign. They would be frustrated because the company d oes not appreciate their efforts and time spent on 'the old adverting plan". 1. The best solution for the first risk is to implement adverting campaign before the gold tournament according to the previous schedule. The new promotional opportunity an be added to the previous plan. It will not take much time and efforts of employees and ensure that the company will reach the main target audience. Senior management needs to develop a broad strategic vision, which calls for redesigned business processes (Campbell, 1997). 2. To meet the first deadline and avoid changes, it is important to consult the responsible persons during the preparation process. Also, it is possible to develop a rough plan if the primary plan would not work well. In order to leverage change, the manager can identify primary and secondary activities. Primary change activities are most directly related to the project. Primary change activities will include inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, sales and marketing, and service. The other group is support activities which will not have a direct impact on the project. It will help to avoid uncertainty and haste. 3. It would be possible to appoint the forth person in order to solve secondary problems of the plan. The project manager should identify a few core processes to be redesigned, focusing on those with the greatest potential payback. Symptoms of inefficient processes include excessive data redundancy and reentering information, too much time spent handling exceptions and special cases, or too much time spent on corrections and rework. The analysis should identify what organizational group owns the process, what organizational functions or departments are involved in the process, and what changes are required. The methods for identifying organizational information requirements described earlier in this chapter may be useful here. 4. Before the changes are made, the project manager should inform Betty about recent changes and ask her opinion about additional duties. Also, the company could pay her for additional hours, and

Why affirmative action is still needed in 2012 Essay

Why affirmative action is still needed in 2012 - Essay Example Affirmative action is a policy by which marginalized groups (with marginalization usually defined on the basis of gender or race or class) are given preferential treatment, usually in the form of quotas. For example, in universities, a set quota may be allocated to, for example, black people or Latin Americans in order to create a heterogeneous atmosphere and increase possibilities for racial minorities. Or a gender quota might be imposed in companies, to ensure an equal number of men and women. Whilst the focal point of affirmative action is to improve the lives of those who belong to historically marginalized sectors, one very important aim as well of this policy and perhaps its long-term goal is to achieve social integration, to break down stereotypes and biases, and to foster a more gender-fair and color-blind society. To quote Coate and Loury, in workplace affirmative action, â€Å"an important component of this question would seem to be the impact of affirmative action on empl oyers’ stereotypes about the capabilities of minority workers. If affirmative action serves to break down negative stereotypes, then to the extent that these underlie discrimination, a temporary program of affirmative action should lead to permanent gains for minorities† (1220). What must be remembered, however, if we are to break down these stereotypes by any sort of policy, is that these stereotypes did not take place overnight, but are the products or outcomes of socially-reproduced perceptions. Women have been considered as the weaker sex, unable to carry out masculine tasks and duties requiring intellectual development. In the past, a little girl would learn from her mother that a woman’s place was at home – doing household work like cooking and cleaning and watching over young children. Indeed, societal norms have greatly affected women in many cultures. Women, in most cultures, are considered to be inferior, a situation that has continued to hinder their career progress. In many societies, men and women are assigned distinct social roles which are restricted by certain norms. The perception of the role of women in the workforce has widely changed over time in the society. Historically, the society viewed women society as in the home taking care of the husband and children. Social norms required the woman to be submissive to the husband and should not leave the home for work. Social norms treated women traits as meek and submissive, and work, especially in demanding fields like engineering, would make them lose the traits. Hence, this discouraged women to work in demanding occupations like engineering, science, and mathematics with low pay. We must bear in mind that these â€Å"dichotomous, mutually exclusive categories that shape our understanding of the world are gendered and they are key to the production and reproduction of violence at all levels† (Confrontini 333). This cultural pressure to be a homemaker and not to aspire to work professionally or to yearn for achievements such as those done by men was what impacted on access to education by girls vis a vis boys. According to the Women’s International Center: Formal education for girls historically has been secondary to that for boys. In colonial America girls learned to read and write at dame schools. They could attend the master's schools for boys when there was room, usually during the summer when most of the boys were working. By the end of the 19th century, however, the number of women

Rebranding Selfridges Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rebranding Selfridges Brand - Essay Example This is because the various branding associated to the department store has the ability of attracting various customers who poses different taste and preferences. Therefore, it is of very key importance to rebrand various brands of products offered by the department store in order to increase sales and profits by attracting more customers. This essay will focus on rebranding Selfridges brand known as Miss Selfridges (Honeycombe, 1984). Today, there are many cases focusing on women who are abused or have been abused both within the country and globally. The healing process for these abused women is always a difficult journey as most of them always end up loosing their self esteem hence failing in all major sectors in life. To address this, Selfridges started a brand known as Miss Selfridges which was aimed giving these abused self esteem in the society through their dressing. The brand focuses on delivering various clothe wear for women ranging from wedding dresses, Selfridges loves or such dressings like summer denim amongst other types of clothing. These clothe wears are always designed to cheer mood of make women feel young, beautiful and sexy again hence allowing them to continue with life normally accomplishing their different task while enjoying a strong self esteem brought about by the different women’s wear (Our heritage. 2015). However, in spite of the brand doing good in the market, it has faced some stiff competition form such companies or designers in the region who also produce similar products like the Marks and Spencer. This store in spite of having a strong brand and enjoying a strong customer loyalty in the market, it also produces women wears which helps in raising and building confidence of women in different situations. A good example of the products that are being produced and sold by this store is ladies underwear. Moreover, the kind of advertising being used by this company has really yielded positive fruits for the sale s

This I Believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

This I Believe - Essay Example In the rush, my father happened to put a small dent in another car. Because of our pressing need, we sped off as fast as we could. When we arrived at the company, my father was told that the general manager was not there yet and we would have to wait. This was a relief because we were involved in a small accident to try and get here on time and now we actually had more time than we needed. I asked my father about the small incident on the road but he said that there was nothing that we could do about it and it was an accident anyway. Finally, the general manager turned up and my father went in to see him. Me and my mother waited outside for about 30 minutes until my father came out. I could tell from the look on his face that something was wrong. I asked him whether he had received the job or not and he replied positively. Then I said to him why he looked so sad if he had been hired. My father responded that the manager had told him that someone had crashed into the back of him on hi s way to the building and then sped off without stopping. My father said he felt a sense of guilt. I told him that he should tell his new manager about the incident and the fact that he was the other driver. My father replied that he would probably lose his new job, but there is no way that he could hide this fact from his new boss. So he went and told his new manager. Surprisingly, the manager said that it was okay and he appreciated my father’s honesty and responsibility. Even more shocking was the fact that my father still had a job. His boss told him that he needed employees who he could trust, and that my father was one of

National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office Essay Example for Free

National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office Essay This website is one of the esiest websites I could check about the daily weather through it. I can feel comfotable while Im using the services which provided in the website. This website provide many things and they are very important for me as a pilot.You can be beneficial and awarnce about the weather any where in the United states of America by entring your city and the Zip code of your city then you will get all the information and forcasts about the daily weather in your city. When you open the website you will finde the current tempreture in (C/F ) of the current hour that you opened the website in. As we said it provides a lot of services and we will talk about the most usful and helpful one. Current hazerd service provides you about the warnings around United States map, like the red color for the tornado warnings and blue one for thunderstormes warinings. Also it gives you the freezed areas in blue color. Current condetions service provides the condtion of the weather in many maps like radar and satalite maps.Also you could find the snow condtion around the area and how is it converd and talks about the snow analyzis. Hydrology talks about the weather condition on the rivers and lakes which is very helpful for these people who are going to camping around lakes or rivers, so they be knowledgable about what is going on around that area to know exactley what they should brind to wear ‘ winter or summer clothes ‘. News link provides fresh stories about what happening around the area, if tornado or hurrcain estapleshed in some area you find the information about this news in this link. Useres also can add their reports and I see that its really good service to keep comuncation with people which may make it more accuret informations. You can as user creat your own account and start adding reports about weather and claimet. At the end I could say its really usfull website especially for me as a pilot and for people who are caring about the weather. You can be safe and aware about whats going on in the claimet to avoid thunderstorms and tornedo by seeing the warnings and alarms. Also goo for reguler people they can get information about the current weather and forcast for the whole day which make them aware about whats is going to wear in this whole day and avoiid the very cold weather at the morning in example.

The Role Of Queen Elizabeth 1 History Essay

The Role Of Queen Elizabeth 1 History Essay Queen Elizabeth I survived the hard reign and become the most famous leader in the history of British government. She was a courageous leader who applied every bit of her wisdom to overcome challenges which faced her leadership. However, Christopher Haigh in his book asks some questions about the famous queen Elizabeth I, with accordance to her leadership and gender. The first question Haigh is asking is about her skills in the application of powers in the leadership. He however answers his question by analyzing her role in both the Britain and in the running of the British government thus he develops the thesis the role of Queen Elizabeth 1 in the British government and nation. In addition, the second question that he is asking is about the relationship of her gender and leadership in the British government. The queen having been the only woman leader in the world at her time she must have faced social problems especially when relating with male counterparts in the leadership. However, Haigh answers the question by analyzing her reactions to the resistance of male leaders and also to the proposals of male leaders as well thus he develops the thesis her relationships with the statesmen of her time. More over, religion, parliament, royal court, and nobility also brought about challenges to the leadership of Queen Elizabeth 1 but to every challenge she applied her wisdom to contain the challenges. With accordance to these sources of challenges to her leadership, Haigh develops other thesis which are; her response to the religion, her response to parliamentary delegates about her marriage, her response to suitors, transformation of royal courts, Queen Elizabeth 1 and military actions between Britain and other states. Historically, at the period of the leadership of Queen Elizabeth 1, Britain had the best structured government in the world but rather one of the most complicated government systems in comparison with others. The governing system was a combination of monarchy government and democratic government structures. The government was divided into various groups so as to enable comprehensive leadership inn the country. First of all, there were national governments such as parliament and Privy Council which served the entire nation. Secondly, there were regional government bodies such as north and council of the marches and lastly there were minor government bodies which included county and community governments. The central government of England also known as the national government consisted of the monarch, Privy Council and the parliament all which fell under the monarch. Those three bodies worked together in ruling the nation, raising revenue, make laws and also dealt with national and international affairs. In most cases, the queen was always at the centre stage of any activity which was carried out by any governing system in Britain. She was the final decision maker to any bill or law that was passed by the governing structures since the apprehension of her signature was the final step into the passing of the laws and bills. The Privy Council acted as the administrative government body of England but it could not carryout its administrative role in the whole England and Wales thus it was assisted by both the council of north and marches. The council of the north resided in York and assisted in the administration of the northern England and council of marches resided in Wales thus it assisted in the administrative role in the southern England and also patrolled some counties of the English border. However, Queen Elizabeth 1 initiated the settling of the Privy Council in Ludlow, Wales which helped to centralize the role of the Privy Council which enabled it to take administrative charge in the whole of England. However, the councils of both, north and marches were also a part of the localized government since in the Tudor England local governments were necessary. However, the queen was the most senior person in England thus her commands and laws were to be observed and obeyed by everybody in England. In order to ensure that her laws were obeyed, she established royal representatives who were deployed in every county in the country. The most royal representatives were, the sheriffs, justices of the peace and later the lord lieutenants were also established. More also, she initiated the hierarchy of government systems in the cities end towns where various officials were to oversee maters related to the local governments but the most senior official was the mayor. However during the times of the queen Elizabeth 1, nobility and gently had much influence. British considered wealth which at the time was land as the greatest source of power. The few individuals, who possessed large tracts of land in the country, were considered to be wealthy and powerful thus they were masters to the tenants and laborers who worked on them. In addition, gentry and mobility was a position of high responsibility and served as the aids of the monarch at governing the lands on which they presided. On the other hand, tenants and laborers could present their grievances to their lords who were supposed to take action on them. However, incases where matter was complicated it was forwarded to the monarch for further considerations. More also, some lords took their work seriously and some served the nation by establishing heath, religion and education facilities. For instance, the Warwick hospital was established by lord Earl of Leicester. Tenants and laborers of those lands also owed loyalty to their lord and were expected to respond quickly to the calls of their lords. In addition, some lords had large number of subordinates who were loyal to them and it was a threat to the country because it was feared that emergence of rebellion by lords would have emerged to civil wars. However this is the reason to why Tudor monarch feared the defiant of the lords who had the ability to command loyalty of large proportion of the population. Queen Elizabeth took precaution when she was in power on the consequences of disagreements with the lords. In order to maintain peaceful ruling on the lords she applied her knowledge of the aristocratic political and religious views which influenced the views of tenants and laborers. Another important government structure during the times if Queen Elizabeth 1 was the courts structure in Britain. The Great Session or Assizes were the highest courts in England and were held twice each year. Also, there were Quarter Session Courts which were held four times in each year. Those courts handled the serious cases which could not have been handled by other low courts such as Petty Sessions, Manor Courts and in some cases Town Courts. However the individuals choice of courts depended on the individuals wealth. There were also special courts such as the Star Chamber which dealt with the highest ranked personalities in the country. However in most cases these courts dealt with cases which involved wealthy individuals and also consisted of privy councilors. There was also a court of chancery which had the ability to deal with criminal cases which could not have been handled at low courts. More over, there was also the court of the poor cases which was known as the court of requests. Religious affairs and other cases which were of moral justices were handled by the church courts. The role of queen in the court affairs was to approve the judges who appointed at the high courts and also dealt with the high treason which carried a death sentence. The queen used her wisdom to unite people who were of catholic and protestant faiths in England. Earlier during the reign of Mary 1, Roman Catholic faith was dominant in the country and the Catholics took the advantage to persecute and execute minority Protestants who were in the country. The actions of Catholics resulted to the displacement of their counterparts, Protestants from the country and settled in the neighboring countries. This ended after the death of Mary 1 and the coronation of Queen Elizabeth 1which triggered the coming back of earlier displaced Protestants into the country. However, the coming of the Protestants was viewed to be aimed at carrying out revenge attacks against those who belonged to the catholic faith. To combat the oncoming religious crisis in the country, Queen Elizabeth 1 was made the supreme head of the church in 1559. For a long time, she remained silent on the matters relating to the religious crisis. This resulted to some sort of automatic reconciliation whereby many Catholics converted to Protestants for fear of the attacks which made the population of Catholics to massively decline. She also did not insult the catholic faithful but made sure that they did not lose the positions that they held in the government. In 1569, she was faced by a hard test of her authority during the procession of revolts. Two catholic men who were under her authority were sworn into her government which resulted to public anger against her. However, the Catholics remained loyal to her though they were in a small number which she tolerated throughout her reign. Her action, not to take revenge against Catholics, earned her respect from the British which is memorable to many generations. It was her first test of courage on authority in which she emerged victorious. Also, her response to parliamentary delegates who insisted on her getting married portrayed her courage when she was a young woman. The parliamentarians wanted her to get married to a fellow Briton in order that she may give birth to a male child who could inherit the throne. Her response to them showed that she understood their petition against her to be facilitated by gender discrimination. At this time, there was no gender equality in the parliament and that was the reason to why parliamentarians were not royal to her throne. They wanted the head of the throne to be a man and thats why they dictated that the inheritance of the throne be taken by the male child. She however responded in a respectful manner in which she made them know that she was the head of the throne and marriage was a Gods given gift rather not a dictated thing to be done. Queen Elizabeth 1, like other male leaders in other states went into military action against other states. She was the head of state thus the commander in chief of the armed forces according to the constitution of England during her reign. In the year 1588, execution of Mary Stuart, the queen of Scots, prompted Spain into attempting to attack England. The invasion led to the engagement of the royal navy who won the battle and made England to emerge as the country with the most prominent naval force I the whole world. Also, the queen led to the starting of the trading culture between England and other states in the world. Industrialization took place with the establishment of the British East India Company which was inaugurated by the queen. Historically, the queen was coroneted at a time when the economy of Britain was performing poorly but the staring of industrialization marked the positive economic growth in the country. The queen had a charismatic character which enabled her to be tolerance and endurance as well. She maintained a good relationship between the fellow statesmen and her. She is believed to have always responded positively to every matter that she acted upon which made statesmen to trust her and remain loyal to her authority. Internationally, she is said to have had a bad relationship with her cousin, Queen Mary of Scotland but she tolerated the bad relationship wisely until when she was executed. Also, she also responded wisely to the foreign men who had proposed to her when she was a young lady who ensured that a good relationship was maintained between England and other states. In this book, Haigh attempted to show the kind of leadership which is desirable in todays world. He used the leadership of queen elizabeth1 as an exhibit of the worlds best leadership in history. Many leaders face challenges during their reigns which put them to the tests of leadership skills thus using the example of the leadership of Queen Elizabeth 1, he advises the leaders on the priorities to be considered when faced with challenges. He concludes by saying that Elizabeth 1 cannot only be considered as a leader of England abut also as a savior who resisted human conflicts from happening when she stood between the religious groups, Catholics and protestants.

Literary Analysis :: Essays Papers

Literary Analysis This was by far my least favorite paper of all of them simply because "The Dubliners" is incredibly hard to understand when you don't have enough time to read back through it like I had previously to understand the other stories. "The Dead" and "The Sister's" are two different stories. "The Dead" is the longest story in "The Dubliners" and the most difficult to understand because of the many different themes running through it. While "The Sisters" is much shorter than the latter, with an easier storyline. Eyes & Vision in Dubliners Dubliner by James Joyce is full of epiphanies that characters experience about the lives they live. All of the stories in Dubliners share the common themes of realization, and awareness. As the stories progress â€Å"The Sisters† and â€Å"the Dead† show the real way of life in Dublin in the early 20th century. These stories were not only showing the truth in the characters lives, but the true problems of Dublin in the 20th century. These themes are echoed throughout both â€Å"The Sisters† and â€Å"The Dead† and result in the main characters becoming more aware of their mortality and surroundings. Awareness in â€Å"The Sister’s† becomes the main focus of the story as the boy begins to realize the truth behind his life. Before the priest dies the boy admires him as a father; but come to learn that he is not a respected as he thinks. After the priest passes on the people around him begin to talk. â€Å"-It’s bad for children, said old Cotter, because their minds are so impressionable. When children see things like that, you know it has an effect†¦-† (3) This shows the disgruntled attitude that most people in the story hold towards the priest. As the story goes on we learn that the boy was in the running for becoming a man of clergy not unlike the priest, even though Cotter still thought less of Father Flynn. â€Å"-The old chap had taught him a great deal, mind you; and they say he had a great wish for him-† (2) The boy was supposed to be a legacy for the position the priest held. But as we all do when people close to us die; you ge t hit hard with the true reality of what goes on around you, like the boy did.

Analyzing the Marketing of Rehabilitation Goods & Services and The Dis

The Marketing of Rehabilitative Goods and Services by Gary L. Albrecht was written with the intention of giving its reader a better understanding of who has the most to gain in the business of rehabilitative services. One position states that the institutions benefit most, while others feel it is the consumer who has the most to gain. The main controversy discussed in this article is the usage of marketing strategies for rehabilitative health care institutions to increase sales and raise profit margins on service that was once provided pro bono. Another concern is with the amount of new equipment and ever changing standards of rehabilitation. Are consumers well enough informed or educated into making the proper decisions as to what care they need? Also, how do the poor, elderly, disenfranchised, and those who cannot afford healthcare receive treatment? Are patients receiving the best possible care for their ailments; or are they being exploited? These are the dilemmas on the issue o f rehabilitative goods and services. The Disability Wars by Timothy Kenney describes the nightmare of becoming physically disabled to the point where one can no longer work and care for their family. It also talks about the hardships of and problems brought about through the use of medical benefits and collection of social security. Both articles will now be analyzed more closely and possible resolutions to each of these issues, marketing of rehabilitation goods and services, and the disability wars will be discussed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main issue with the marketing of rehabilitative goods and services deals with, the new wave of marketing strategies and promotional ideas implemented to increase sales and profits of the health care institutions. This rehabilitative service, which was once provided to those in need pro bono, is now recognized as a commodity. Due to the increase in the elderly population and the popularity of sport, there are more people with disabilities than ever before. Thus an influx in the supply and demand has been created and the market for rehabilitative services exists. With more patients than the normal health care provider can care for, new institutions are being erected all across America with their sole purpose in rehabilitating the disabled. One such facility is the Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke’s Medical Center in Chicago. This medical ce... ...y.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The moral and ethical questions that are raised in this article have to deal with insurance companies and social security alike having the ability to deny claims as they please, leaving people with serious medical conditions out there with no support when they need it the most. Another big controversy with social security is the fact that people pay into it for so many years and when it comes time for social security to pay back, they just deny the claim and send you back to work. But once the ill person returns to work the social security payments are immediately deducted from their checks again. A possible solution for this problem is to have the CDC and FDA get together and make a list of acceptable diseases and syndromes that will be covered by social security and then provide assistance to everyone who falls into the acceptable categories. It is understandable that the insurance companies are in business to make money, however the Social Security Administrati on should not. They should be required to pay back out to those who have paid in. Some legislation should also be passed as to how insurance companies can disseminate amongst valid claims.

Women Overcoming Domestic Violence in Zora Neale Hurstons Sweat Essay

Zora Neale Hurston's 'Sweat' is a short story about the struggles and hardships in the life of an African American woman living in the south. The short story talked about the treatment of women in these times. Many women of present times can identify with the hardships that Delia encountered in her marriage. The story also deals with adultery in relationships and the dishonesty and heartache it brings to a relationship. The story gives many women of domestic violence the strength and the courage to stand up for themselves and against their husbands. In these times it was hard for African American women to stand up to their abusive husbands. Getting a divorce was not a very common thing to do. Most women endured the pain and troubles of being physically and mentally abused everyday. A number of women were too poor to get a divorce or even runaway from their husbands. Husbands of these times supported the family and were the only ones who had a job in the family. In 'Sweat' Delia was the supporter of the family she worked every day supporting herself and Sykes. This was not very common in these times. Most women stayed home and watched the children while the men supported the family. With women not working this made it hard for them to get enough money to leave their husbands and support themselves and their children without their husbands. The story gives women of domestic violence courage and strength to get out of an abusive relationship. In one part of the story Delia...

The Holocaust Was a Very Important Part of History

The Holocaust was a very important part of history. From this tragic happening that we can learn from our mistakes so it or anything close can never happen again. Also someone should have spoken up when they saw people being taken away and never returning. Last if someone you knew was hiding and you knew where how could you rat them out, when they did nothing wrong. Hitler was a master dictator that should have been stopped when people saw the wrong in him.Some things we can learn are, that if someone or thing is wrong speak up about it, killing should not go unnoticed, and just because someone is different does not mean they should be treated differently. If someone should have spoken up about what they thought was unfair this whole massacre may have never happened. Killing people is against the law and just because you are a leader doesn’t mean you can kill whoever whenever, that’s just not right. There are also many different races, religions, eye colors, hair colors , and so on.Last if you treat one unfair because of one of their features than everyone should have be treated unfair because no one person is the same. Learning is one of the greatest abilities god gave us and the Holocaust is something we can learn from. How can someone not say something when people they know are being taken away never to return when they have done nothing wrong? That is like robbing a house just because the door was unlocked. You just don’t do that. Even neighbors were taken away for what being different? I myself know that Hitler may have killed you, but it would be for a good cause.Everyone was just scared and selfish, they didn’t care what was happening to the â€Å"outsiders† (Jews, Gypsies, and Homosexuals) all they cared about was that their family was safe. Speaking up is just a little sacrifice you can take to safe peoples lives. Hiding was one of the ways the â€Å"outsiders† tried to protect themselves Gestapo and Naziâ€℠¢s. Say you know where your Jewish neighbor was hiding, would you tell where they are or would you help them get food? I would help even though it would be risking my own life for inset people that are all the same as you and I.They do not deserve to be treated differently than everyone else. It would be worth all pain and sacrifice to save millions of people. Hiding was one of the ways that Jews had some power in the time of the Holocaust. As you can see the Holocaust will and is a major part of history. There are so many more things that you can learn from this happening. If you see people rising to power and doing things wrong speak out. It would be good for you and the rest of us. Lets hope nothing like this will happen again. For the people, the world, and today no one needs such a tragic occurrence and never will.

Exploring Reliability and Validity Essay

The Values and Motives Questionnaire, also known as the Values and Motives Inventory, is designed to examine a person’s motivation in relation to his values and activities. In order to ensure a comprehensive understanding of values, the VMQ assess three distinct areas, including: interpersonal, intrinsic, and extrinsic. Interpersonal values, according to the VMQ refer to one’s relationships with others. Intrinsic values contain one’s personal beliefs and attitudes. Finally, extrinsic values are one’s motivating factors at the workplace. Each of these three areas contain twelve topics addressed during the test. While the VMQ can be used for a variety of reasons, it is typically used in the workplace as a guidance tool. When exploring the Values and Motives Questionnaire, it is important to understand its reliability and validity. This paper will address the measurement’s reliability and validity, including its coefficients, strengths, and weaknesses. Type of Reliability and Validity According to Whiston (2013), â€Å"reliability refers to the consistency of such measurements when the testing procedure is repeated on a population of individuals or groups† (pg. 40). In its simplest form, reliability refers examines the dependability of the scores. It also measures the standard error of measurement (SEM) within the instrument. The SEM is a hypothesis of what the scores would be if someone took the test more than once. Whiston (2013) continues on to explain the various types of reliability, including: test-retest, alternate or parallel forms, and internal consistency measures. The designers and authors of the Values and Motives Questionnaire explain that the measurement used internal consistency reliability with the sample (Values and Motives Questionnaire, n.d). Internal consistency of reliability simply means that the test is divided into different sections. The scores are than correlated. This form of reliability assess the measurement internally to determ ine its reliability (Whiston, 2013). Another important area of the measurement to understand is validity. Whiston (2013) argues that validity addresses â€Å"what an instrument measures and how well it does that task† (pg. 58). Whiston (2013) explains that historically, validity has been separated into three distinct types: content-related validity, criterion-related validity, and construct validity. The first, content-related validity, addressed the degree to which the results of the test adequately represented the specific behavior. In order for a measurement to be valid, it must be appropriate for its intended use (Whiston, 2013). This form of validity is evident in the VMQ, because the data is comparable to other instruments that measure both motivational and values factors (Values and Motives Questionnaire, n.d). Next, criterion-related validity focuses mainly on the degree to which the measurement predicted the specific criterion (Whiston, 2013). The correlations within the VMQ appear to be average and independent of one another (Values and Motives Questionnaire, n.d). Finally, construct validity is concerned with the degree to which the test measures the intended behavior or construct. This entails that the instrument is appropriate for the test taker (Whiston, 2013). The Values and Motives Questionnaire accurately measures motivating factors and values among individuals. It appears the test provides the validity for both content and construct but not for criterion-related validity (Values and Motives Questionnaire, n.d). Areas of Strength and Concern The Values and Motives Questionnaire gave us internal consistency reliability and SEM. The internal consistency of this measurement used the coefficient alpha. The coefficients were all over .5, but they each had various ranges. Because the scale had such varying ranges, one could wonder if this could indicate a problem with errors? The VMQ shows an overall internal dependability and a low level of SEM. The internal consistency does surpass the requirements for a reliable instrument. According to authors of the VMQ (n.d), â€Å"†¦the scales approximate or exceed acceptable levels of internal consistency† (pg. 16). However, it is important to note that the scores of this test are not normally distributed, which impacts the standard deviations of the scores. While the deviation of the scores is acceptable, the test results did not have an extremely high correlation. The VMQ also  demonstrated the validity scales having lower correlations (Values and Motives Questionnaire, n.d). One weakness of the reliability to consider is that the test was only compared to other tests that examined values. It did not compare values to those of other countries/cultures. Specific cultures and/or family systems have specific values that are instilled in them throughout the years. It would be beneficial to use this instrument in comparison to different demographic backgrounds. In doing this, one will be able to gain insight into how these differences can affect the results and ensure all persons are adequately represented. Sample Size and Nature of Population The Values and Motives Questionnaire studied a specific population. It consisted of 159 MBA and psychology students (Values and Motives Questionnaire, n.d). While research does need to start somewhere, this limited population will not produce results that represent the population as a whole. Using this specific population may lead to skewed results, specifically in the areas of achievement considering the total population that was studied were all continuing their education. Clearly, not everyone in the general population has had the chance to pursue a college degree, let alone and MBA. This high level of achievement would certainly skew the results. It is important to note that the sample size was relatively small and well over one third of the small sample was psychology students. These variables need to be taken into consideration when assessing the results of the Values and Motives Questionnaire. Personal Opinion Overall, I found the Values and Motives Questionnaire to be very interesting. Assessing one’s subjective feelings and value systems is not easily empirically proven. However, the idea of the test seems beneficial. However, I do believe the designers of the VMQ would gain more insight if they were to compare the results to various cultures’ values. Using the results from varying cultures will have totally different results than a small group of 159 college students. I do believe further research is needed to provide more concrete information on the topics of the VMQ. Although the instrument proved to be both reliable and valid, it is pertinent that further research be conducted to find higher correlations. References Values and motive questionnaire: The technical manual. (n.d). Bedfordshire, UK: Psytech International. Whiston, S (2013). Principles and applications of assessment in counseling. (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.

French Decolonization: Conflict in Algeria Essay

In entire French history, France almost enjoyed great influence on what is happening in Europe and in the world. It was due to big colonial territory France could dispose with. There was period when the competing for influence with the Great Britain was very successful. It supported not only its political power, but colonialism had a considerable impact on the economic situation of the country. Algeria had a very important position in this system, which could be caused by a large number of Frenchmen who lived in the area. To understand why there have been so much violence during decolonization, that grew up in war; we must also look to the position of Algeria in colonial domination of France, because here you can find many causes of Algerian conflict. [1] The emergence of the French colonies As the beginning of French colonial endeavors can be count the development of voyages of discovery. The first goal of French colonizators was North America and then Asia. At that time,Africa was hardly reachable, as it was the territory of the Ottoman Empire. The chance to control the region occurred in the 18th and 19 century, when the Ottoman Empire became a â€Å"sick man on the Bosphorus. â€Å"[2] After the French Revolution and the advent of Napoleon Bonaparte to the position of consul, attention of foreign policy has been focused on the possible colonial expansion to the north Africa. The Egypt became the main objective of French colonizators. French Foreign Minister Talleyrand asked for its incorporation under French influence. â€Å"It was obvious that the point was to re-open the way to India and to the allies Tipu Sultan, who in 1784 became Maisuriem ruler. However, France failed to get Egypt under its domination. Large ally of France, which was the United Kingdom, became the one who controled more or less control Egypt. United kingdom had not absolute control over it because the country still maintained largely independent government [3] France issued in Africa to the west. Trying to control west territory of the Egypt. The reason for this was mainly the fact that, in this area, they discovered massive deposits of gold and diamonds. That is why in this area France had competed with other European countries. Again, they competed with the British, in addition, they were still pushing the Portuguese, Germans and partly Spanish. The emergence of the French colonies in the territory of Algeria Practically the biggest breakthrough in the creation of French colonial rule in Algeria became a convert under the administration of France. This area was for few hundred years the territory of the Ottoman Empire, but at the turn of the 18th and 19th century began to show its decline and slowly became this â€Å"sick man on the Bosphorus. [4] Already in the late 18th century France realized that this weakness of the Ottoman Empire could be obtained under its administration of Algeria, which had strategic potential, mainly due to its mineral resources. Desire for Algeria was also presented as a solution to domestic problems which France at the turn of the century faced. These efforts continued and culminating and did escalate in 1827, when the French finally got an excuse for action. On 29th of April the Dey of Algiers, Husayn, stuck the French consul Pierre Deval in the face with afly-swatter. This insult of the representative of France in the regency started a crisis in relations betweeen these two countries as a result of which the French stumbled upon one of its most important colonial ventures. The actual colonization began about three years later, in 1830. The French army invaded, whereupon ensued a brief but intense war for territory of Algeria. On 14th of June 34,000 troops from the fleet numbering 600 ships landed Algerian Coast. Dey sent 7,000 Janissaries, that were gradually joined by up to 35 000 soldiers sent to other deyove of North Africa. Due to its better and advanced equipments French troops very quickly conquered the Capital on 19th of June. In the following days, Algerian Dey fled to Naples thereby Ottoman control over the area collapsed and Algeria came under the domination of France. In 1847 it was designated as a military colony, and its head became Governor-General, who had executive and military power virtually in his hands. Algeria’s population almost never adopt their allegiance to the French Government and the entire existence of the colonial establishment and considered French to be occupiers and relationship with them was very complicated and not very friendly. [5] The system of colonial rule in Algeria In order to objectively examine the reasons and causes of so bloody conflict that accompanied the process of obtaining Algeria’s independence from France, I have to first, at least briefly mention how system enabling France to rule Algeria looked like. As mentioned previously, this area was set up so-called military colony. This concept holds some elements that would distinguised from normal colonial establishment. Of course, it is almost impossible to summarize the colonial system by simple definition, in which the form of government would be generally described, because each country had dominated colonial specifics, which was system necessary adapts. In the introduction I mentioned that Algeria had a very special position in the French colonial domination. This uniqueness had several reasons arranged that its influence on the functioning of continental France was greater than by the other colonies. It should also be noted that after Algeria succeeded to be at least partially stabilized, the military colony was reformed and at the end of the 19th Century the area came under civilian administration. Certain trait was also the fact that this area did not fall under the Ministry of Colonies, as other dependent territories, but directly under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Interior. This also points to the importance that French attached to Algeria. [6] The first reason was the very position of Algeria. Located very close to France and could therefore become important to French traders, who were going to make a bussiness there. This is mainly due to cheap labor in the form of the indigenous population. Therefore, it is quite inappropriate to refer to French colony as disadvantageous. Yes, unlike the British colonies meant no colony for France large revenue to the state coffers, but the private sector have greatly prospered. Taking into account the protectionism, which reigned in these â€Å"departments†, and the fact that it has been maintained Algeria in pre-industrial state, there was inserted into capital industry in France certainty of safe outlets. † Another reason for which Algeria had a high position among the other colonies was the fact that in its territory over time moved large numbers of white French population. Algeria has evolved into a full-fledged part of the French political system and its representatives were elected to parliament. But the right to vote was granted only to French. Those local people soon came to be called â€Å"pieds noirs†. [7] The original inhabitants of Algeria on their long-fought right to vote, because I felt in such a situation as quasi residents of France. The radical changes in the position of Algerians took place after the World War II in connection with the growing desire for independence, allowing them to have granted the right to vote (although not equal, because pieds noirs had a voice with more weight) and least educated part of the population had the opportunity to get a full French citizenship. 8] Termination of the French colony of Algeria In the previous chapter I described coexistence of Algerians and French to be very problematic. I have several problems, which caused considerable dispute and the time when there was almost no change in the status of Algerian political life, not only in France but also Algeria itself, is began to show that such a system is no longer sustainable, and it will be necessary to significantly change if Algeria should remain part of France. Right from the beginning of this chapter I would like to say that France good moment for these changes missed and it also turned out. But when the opportune moment to change ever occurred? You could say that whole 19th century could be a suitable moment. Thus, at least from the perspective of Algeria and its people. It was the ethnic group that did not have any significant national sentiment. [9] Practically the only element was the belief of belonging. This could be due to the changes that the whole problem in the 20th century prevented. Also in Algiers created French civilizing influence foundations of political life and later inspired the emergence of internally differentiated nationalist movement†. For example, Ferhat Abbas, which was a pharmacist from the city of Setif, created movement during the 30-ties of 20th century that grew up in popularity and proclaimed the Algerian nationalist tendencies. But it is also necessary to take account of French foreign policy. Former French regime was very unstable and had enough problems with it to keep. Should such changes occurred, unlikely that it scandalized the French, who had their business interests in Algeria, not to mention the pieds-noirs who would lose their advantageous position in the society of this area. In addition, there was the pressure that France felt for its falling position in Europe. Picked up a new superpower like Russia, Italy and Germany. In the event that France acceded to such changes, it could be in those countries seen as weakness, despite the fact that it might endanger their own colonial rule.   Probably the last opportunity for reforms that would at least partially improve the position of Algerians in France arose after the World War I. It pointed to the weakening of France, but France did not have to worry about other European countries, especially the losers, since they would only hardly prevailed on some form of resistance. France has, however, even at this time other worries. After the war, the economy was heavily damaged and need to start it again and France with Great Britain gained at the expense of some Germany’s colonies, so focused on their mastery. At this time, France obviously missed the last opportunity to improve the status of Algerians and thus chance to keep Algeria as French. The beginnings of Algerians fighting for independence After the victory of the movement for democratic values was forbidden to create few other organizations that were more or less radical. But all have a common goal, to get rid of French domination of Algeria and the creation of an independent state. One of them was the Democratic Union of Algerian Manifesto. Its main representative of Ferhat Abbas, the program relied not only Algerian Manifesto, but also just the movement for the victory of democratic values, because according to him, this movement could become a way to ensure understanding of the Algerian thing in Europe. [11] All movement, which was created in 1954, however, overshadowed by creating Queues national liberation (the only QNL). And just a year of its formation could be considered as the beginning of the war in Algeria. It was a very radical movement, in which many faces associated other organizations fighting for independence. Conclusion Algeria was a 132 years under the rule. It was one of the most important French colonies, considered even as part of France, and the status of retail dependency. Achieved independence in 1962 as one of the last African States. Algeria retail trade and diplomatic relations, not only with neighboring Mediterranean countries, but also with France, which was signed by 57 of the Algerian government contracts for the friendship and alliance, recognized and confirmed the independence of Algeria. At the end of the 18th century, when all of Europe fought against France, this was precisely Algeria that France supplied the grain and money. Reply by France on this â€Å"friendship† and the alliance was in the 1830 launch of a war in Algeria. The end of the colonial system meant the absolute change for France. The country fell into a totally new environment and especially to a new position in the world. It was already weakened by the defeat and devastation of France in World War II. A disintegration of the colonial dominion that stretched practically worldwide its global impact on the backdrop of the Cold War, virtually minimized, which also led to the crisis and the subsequent change of the entire political system of the country. The course of decolonization, as I have described above, ran a very bloody way and subsequent development of the political system and political culture in Algeria practically impossible the establishment of closer relations. Subsequent years of Algerian independence was marked inclination towards the Soviet Union. In this time mode through mistrust and hostility to France and tried to legitimize and maintain its integrity. At the same time, like many other Arab countries in the 20th century took independence gave way and Algeria socialist system. That does not work. Malfunction causes of that are many. This may be a very unstable situation in the country, away from France, who was willing to freedom after coming to this North African countries continue to work, or too little help from the Soviet Union, from which the former leaders of Algeria expecting support material and political. Finally, in 1958, created the Republic of Algeria by the end of 1961, 32 countries of the world recognized. Ultrakolonialist uprising in 1961 was relatively easily defeated, and France was left to negotiate with other Algerians. [12] In March 1962 they were signed between the French government and the so-called Interim Government of Algeria. Evian agreements, which meant the ceasefire, the gradual evacuation of French troops and the full independence of Algeria. About This should finally decide referendum, which took place on 3 July 1962. 13] The French, however, continued to murder and destruction and a ceasefire. In September 1962 announced the creation of the Constituent Assembly of Algeria and the Democratic People’s Republic. In 1963, Algeria was introduced land reform, nationalization took place all objects abandoned by owners, a new constitution was approved by Congress and the National Liberation Fronts in 1964 was called. Algeria Algeria rebuilding Charter proclaimed in the spirit of socialism.

Labour Day Essay

The short essay, â€Å"Labour Day Is a Dreaded Bell in the Schoolyard of the Mind† by Harry Bruce is about his memories of Labour Day over many years of his life. He talked about how Labour Day was like foreshadowing the coming of school, which he hated. Harry described Labour Day as if it were the ‘last meal’ one would take before the inevitable electric chair. Not only was Labour Day bad for foreshadowing the coming of school, it comes with a good-bye to days on the beach, bonfires and all the good things that one enjoys during summer. He clearly shows how Labour Day is a bad day for children, but he also shows the grown-up side of things. His friend drove over one thousand three hundred kilometres to see him, then quickly had to drive back home to go to his job. He talks about how Labour Day makes you grow up in a sense, because instead of focusing on fun childish events to do on the weekend, you have to prepare to get back to your careers. Honestly, to me Labour Day did not really have that much meaning to me growing up. It was just another holiday near the end of summer that in a sense signified the coming of school just as Harry said. I never understood why people took it so seriously. Of course the first thing that pops to my mind about Labour Day is the, ‘Don’t wear white after Labour Day’ rule, but I always neglected it. It also signifies a lot in my household. My parents are typically more left wing on the political spectrum so I remember growing up, going to the parade or protest if you will, and celebrating all the achievements of the workers. It also meant that i was closer to seeing some of my friends that I hadn’t seen for two months. Showing them how much I’ve grown, since I was typically the short kid in the class and grew many inches over the course of summer, where I went, what I did, that kind of stuff. That’s pretty much all that it meant to me, just another holiday where my parents dragged me out to watch a parade and one that signified the coming of the new school year. What people forget is that Labour Day is a holiday; it’s a chance to get together with family and just sit down, have a barbeque, and relax together. It might signify upcoming doom with the likes of school for children or going back to careers for adults, but nonetheless it still is a chance to just take an extra day off. What I learned is that everybody neglects that fact and sees it only with pessimism. Harry taught me to ‘live life in the moment’ if you will, as according to him as you age, Labour Day just gets worse. For me Labour Day wasn’t so bad growing up because I never really acknowledged it but who knows, maybe in the upcoming years I’ll learn to hate it just like Harry Bruce.

Powers of the President and Public Policies Essay

Powers of the President and Public Policies - Essay Example These powers are exercised at the federal level. The main instrument of discharging these powers is the executive order. Executive orders are issued by the President to provide rules and regulations for the federal agencies along with key matters of national interest. The President also has extensive legislative powers. Firstly, the Constitution of the United States is highly rigid and secondly, the US Congress is often subject to the rulings of the President’s own party. Actually, the general situation in the Congress is that the President’s political party holds the majority of the seats. But even if in such circumstances the President fails to exercise his influence and/or control, he/she may resort to the mechanism of Presidential veto. This veto mechanism helps the President to block Congressional Bills if he/she wishes to do so. However, the President should explain the reason behind such actions. (The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency 2009) Another major power of the President that has a nation wide influence with regard to both federal and state level affairs is the Presidents appointment powers. By the virtue of appointment powers, the President can appoint a wide range of government officials, federal courts’ judges, Supreme Court’s judgers, civil servants, chiefs of federal agencies, etc. In this way, the President can bring persons who agree with his/her policy preferences to powerful positions so that they can implement the President’s public policies in a more effective way. (Walker 2012) An important pejorative power of the President is his/her constitutional ability to convene a special session of Congress. These sessions are meant to debate and decide on major national and/or international issues of contention. This power of the President can be thought of as a power that lies in the borderline of both